A group of advisers, including mathematicians and business representatives, will examine the “core maths content” taught in schools.
It will also consider whether a new maths qualification is necessary.
But opposition parties attacked the government’s record of recruiting maths teachers.
Outlining the review in a speech, the prime minister admitted more maths teachers were needed, and this was “not going to happen overnight”.
He wants all school pupils in England to study some maths until 18 – although it will not be compulsory to study the subject at A-level.