PISA 2022 Results and the rise of smartphones

We link geospatial data on 3G coverage over time with 2.3 million student-level PISA records from 82 countries.

PISA urbanicity data + pop. density data + 3G coverage shapefiles = within-country variation in 3G coverage over time. Here’s how this linkage looks in Czech Repub. pic.twitter.com/5RCqNfj414

— Sam Stemper (@samstemper) December 19, 2023